Melting: The process where a solid turns into a liquid when heated to its melting point. The particles gain energy and break free from their fixed positions.
Freezing: The transition from a liquid to a solid as it cools to its freezing point. The particles lose energy and arrange into a fixed structure.
Vaporization: The change from a liquid to a gas, occurring through either boiling (at the boiling point) or evaporation (at the surface below the boiling point). Particles gain energy and spread apart.
Condensation: The process where a gas turns into a liquid as it loses energy, causing particles to come closer together.
Sublimation: The direct transition from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid phase, occurring in substances like dry ice.
Deposition: The reverse of sublimation, where a gas transforms directly into a solid without becoming a liquid first, such as frost forming on cold surfaces.
